Gerhard Lenski's Sociological Theories Assessments Extensions New Directions | Sociology

Discover the hidden world of Australia’s most misunderstood reptiles with "So Many Snakes, So Little Time: Uncovering the Secret Lives of Australia’s Serpents." This compelling life science book by Prof. Rick Shine takes you deep into the fascinating realm of serpents, blending groundbreaking research with captivating storytelling. Australia’s diverse and often dangerous snake population serves as the backdrop for a scientific journey that reshapes how we view these remarkable creatures. Prof. Shine’s work has revolutionized snake ecology and behavior studies, revealing their vital roles in maintaining healthy ecosystems. Through his engaging anecdotes and field experiences, you’ll gain a new appreciation for snakes—beyond the fear and myths. This book doesn’t just present data; it shares the passion, challenges, and triumphs of a leading herpetologist dedicated to conservation and coexistence. Inside, you’ll explore influential studies that have paved the way for effective snake conservation strategies. Learn how scientific discoveries are helping protect snake populations while fostering safer interactions between humans and serpents. Each chapter offers insights into snake biology, behavior, and the delicate balance of nature, making complex research accessible and engaging for readers of all backgrounds. Perfect for nature lovers, students, and anyone curious about wildlife, this book inspires a deeper connection to Australia’s unique fauna. At Bare Necessities, we’re proud to offer titles that educate and inspire. Visit BareNecessities.com to add this eye-opening read to your collection and support a greater understanding of the natural world.

Discover the profound connection between art and activism in William Morris Art and Socialist Movements: A Collection of Contemporary Pamphlets. This exclusive 3-volume facsimile set from Routledge brings together 47 rare pamphlets, many of which are nearly impossible to find elsewhere. As a leading Victorian writer, artist, and founding member of the Socialist League, Morris infused his creative and political work with the ideals of 19th-century British socialism. Volume One contains complete issues from the Socialist League’s major pamphlet series, alongside foundational documents like conference reports and broadsides. Each page preserves the original design, including stunning illustrations by Walter Crane, a celebrated Victorian book illustrator. These visual elements enrich the historical and artistic value of the collection. Volume Two expands the scope with booklets on socialism authored or edited by Morris and his contemporaries. It also includes songbooks he edited, reflecting the cultural dimensions of the movement. Volume Three is dedicated to Morris’s influential lectures on art and socialism, printed using the Golden Type he personally designed. This volume offers a direct look into his aesthetic philosophy and political vision. Together, these volumes provide an immersive journey into Morris’s world. They reveal how his literary and artistic contributions were shaped by his commitment to social change. Scholars, students, and enthusiasts of Victorian studies, socialist history, and art movements will find this collection indispensable. Available now at Routledge.com, this set is an essential resource for anyone seeking a deeper understanding of William Morris’s legacy. Explore how his work continues to inspire discussions at the intersection of creativity, society, and reform. Add this remarkable collection to your library and own a piece of cultural and political history.

Discover the complex cultural history of American entertainment with Routledge’s archival collection, "Minstrel Shows and Songs." This four-volume facsimile set offers a rare look into the world of 19th-century minstrelsy, a form of blackface performance that shaped American music and theater and even reached audiences across the Pacific. When Commodore Perry arrived in Japan in 1853, American sailors performed minstrel songs in Yokohama, illustrating the global reach of this controversial art form. This collection brings together songbooks, performance guides, sheet music, playbills, and historical studies, including works by the famous Christy Minstrels. Richly illustrated with photos and plates, these volumes serve as an essential primary source for understanding early American popular culture. Scholars and students will find invaluable material for research in performance studies, music history, and cultural criticism. Beyond its artistic significance, the collection provides critical insight into the racial stereotypes and discriminatory portrayals that have impacted African American communities. It encourages thoughtful examination of how popular entertainment both reflected and reinforced social attitudes of the era. Ideal for academic libraries and researchers in Asian studies, American history, or theater arts, this set is a must-have primary resource. Explore this pivotal piece of cultural history today at Routledge.com, where knowledge meets critical inquiry.

Explore the dynamic evolution of labor movements with "Transformations of Trade Unionism," a groundbreaking volume from Routledge that offers comparative and transnational insights into how workers organized across Europe and the United States from the eighteenth century to today. This essential study reveals that trade unionism was never a one-size-fits-all phenomenon but a diverse and adaptive response to changing labor regimes worldwide. By examining long-term developments and transnational connections, the book uncovers the many varieties of trade unionism that emerged independently or evolved from earlier models. It demonstrates how specific historical contexts shaped workers’ collective agency, offering vital lessons for understanding contemporary labor transformations. Drawing on case studies with Dutch examples at their core, the research connects local histories to broader trends in Europe and the United States. Readers gain a nuanced perspective on how workers in industrial heartlands organized, resisted, and adapted—providing a historical foundation for analyzing modern labor movements. Ideal for scholars, students, and anyone interested in labor history, this book bridges past and present, showing that while historical forms of organizing won’t be duplicated, their lessons remain profoundly relevant. Published with support from the Stichting Unger–van Brero Fonds, this work is a must-read for understanding the forces shaping today’s global workforce. Visit Routledge.com to discover more titles that illuminate social and labor history with academic rigor and global relevance.

Discover the definitive guide to mastering experimental design and data analysis with the third edition of Designing Experiments and Analyzing Data: A Model Comparison Perspective from Routledge. This essential resource presents a unified framework that simplifies complex statistical concepts, making it accessible for both students and seasoned researchers in psychology and related fields. Maxwell, Delaney, and Kelley skillfully guide you from foundational principles to advanced applications, ensuring you grasp the logic behind effective data analysis strategies. Their integrative approach prepares you to handle a wide range of experimental designs with confidence, including sophisticated topics often overlooked in other textbooks. Practical learning tools enhance your understanding at every step. Real-world research examples illustrate how to apply theoretical knowledge, while intuitive flowcharts help you select the most appropriate analytical procedures. End-of-chapter formula summaries reinforce key concepts and make review efficient. Access valuable programming tips and code snippets integrated throughout the text, with additional resources available on the companion website. Extensive exercise sets challenge you to develop deeper analytical skills, supported by detailed solutions and realistic datasets available at DesigningExperiments.com. The comprehensive companion website extends your learning with interactive web apps, detailed tutorials, and supplementary materials. This complete educational package supports your journey from research conceptualization through final data analysis. Routledge proudly offers this updated edition as part of our commitment to advancing psychological research methodology. Visit Routledge.com to explore how this book can transform your approach to experimental design and help you produce more robust, meaningful research outcomes.

Discover the transformative era when Chinese cities became the heart of intellectual and cultural life in "Urban Life and Intellectual Crisis in Middle-Period China, 800-1100." This groundbreaking work from Routledge illuminates how eleventh-century literati, unlike their predecessors, turned their gaze toward the bustling urban landscapes of the Song Empire. They sought meaning and order within the dynamic flow of commerce, architecture, and human activity, attempting to capture the essence of city life through their writings. Yet, as the century progressed, these thinkers confronted a profound ideological crisis. The very urban environments they celebrated also became spaces where traditional values and the "Way" seemed to dissolve. This book masterfully connects diverse historical threads—from poetry and philosophy to economics and infrastructure—showing how they intertwined in the urban centers of the time. For scholars and students of Chinese history, this volume offers a fresh perspective on a pivotal period. It explores how the challenges of urbanization sparked innovation while also provoking deep intellectual uncertainty. Routledge is proud to present this essential study, which redefines our understanding of middle-period China and the enduring legacy of its urban experience. Visit Routledge.com to explore our extensive collection of academic titles and enrich your historical research today.

Explore the groundbreaking perspectives in "Trans and Genderqueer Subjects in Medieval Hagiography," a pioneering volume from Routledge that reshapes our understanding of gender identity in medieval texts. This interdisciplinary collection moves beyond traditional frameworks, focusing on trans and genderqueer subjects within hagiographic traditions. Scholarship has often approached medieval literature through modern queer theory, yet frequently prioritizes sexuality over gender identity. This volume breaks new ground by centering non-binary and gender-nonconforming figures, revealing hagiography as a genre inherently resistant to rigid gender binaries. Featuring contributions from emerging trans and genderqueer voices alongside established academics, this collection represents the cutting edge of historical trans studies. These scholars demonstrate the profound political significance of their work, reclaiming marginalized histories with contemporary relevance. By examining medieval saints' lives and spiritual narratives, this book reconstructs a vital lineage connecting modern trans and genderqueer communities to their medieval predecessors. It provides powerful models of queer identity where previous scholarship claimed none existed. Available at Routledge.com, this essential volume reestablishes non-normative gender's rightful place in historical discourse. It offers invaluable insights for students and scholars of medieval studies, gender theory, and queer history, creating bridges between past and present understandings of gender diversity. Discover how medieval hagiography challenges contemporary assumptions about gender while providing historical validation for modern identities. This collection not only expands academic knowledge but also empowers contemporary trans and genderqueer individuals through historical connection. Visit Routledge.com to acquire this transformative work that continues our press's tradition of publishing boundary-pushing scholarship. Join the conversation at the forefront of medieval studies and gender theory with this indispensable addition to your library.

Discover how the landscape of reproductive medicine is evolving with Routledge's essential new volume, "Institutionalizing Assisted Reproductive Technologies: The Role of Science, Professionalism and Regulatory Control." As assisted reproductive technologies like IVF become more widespread, they reshape not only medical practice but the very social and health structures that support them. This book offers a timely exploration of how societies adapt to these innovations, balancing scientific progress with ethical, political, and regulatory considerations. Focusing on Sweden as a detailed case study, the book examines the complex network of actors involved in institutionalizing reproductive technologies. You’ll gain insights into the roles played by regulatory agencies, scientific communities, patient advocacy groups, and entrepreneurial clinics. It uncovers how new health technologies are embedded in broader social relations, making it a vital resource for understanding the interplay between innovation and governance. Drawing on contemporary institutional theory, this volume is ideal for advanced students and academics in health management, sociology of health, science and technology studies, and organizational theory. Whether you're researching, teaching, or working in health and social care, this book provides a nuanced perspective on how professionalism, ethics, and regulation converge in modern reproductive medicine. Explore this and other groundbreaking titles at Routledge.com, your trusted source for academic and professional books that drive critical conversations forward. Add this indispensable resource to your collection today and deepen your understanding of the forces shaping reproductive health care worldwide.

Explore the profound connection between occupational therapy and spirituality with this essential guide from Routledge. Spirituality remains a vital yet often overlooked component in therapeutic practice, and this book bridges that gap by offering a clear, evidence-based exploration of its role. Available at routledge.com, this resource is designed for occupational therapy professionals, students, and researchers seeking to deepen their understanding and application of spiritual principles in clinical and academic settings. Beginning with foundational concepts like the three stances of spirituality for the common good and the theology of occupation, the book progresses through ten insightful chapters. It delves into the spirituality of caring, theories of spiritual development, and how spirituality is defined within occupational therapy literature. You will learn to distinguish between assessing spirituality and religion, navigate ethical considerations, and embrace spiritual and cultural diversity in practice. This volume also addresses the therapeutic self, offering practical strategies to integrate spiritual awareness into daily therapeutic interactions. By the end, you will have a comprehensive toolset to apply spiritual concepts in ways that align with core health principles, enhancing both client outcomes and professional fulfillment. Written in an accessible style, Occupational Therapy and Spirituality supports ongoing education and reflective practice. Whether you are an academic, clinician, or graduate student, this book empowers you to enrich your approach and contribute meaningfully to the evolving dialogue on spirituality in health and social care. Visit Routledge today to add this valuable resource to your professional library.

Discover the foundational theories shaping global cooperation with Comparative Regional Integration: Theoretical Perspectives. Originally published in 2003, this essential volume offers a comprehensive examination of regional integration processes across the world. Edited by Laursen of the University of Southern Denmark, the book begins with a clear overview of core theoretical frameworks before diving into eleven insightful contributions. Each chapter provides a comparative analysis of integration efforts, helping you understand the political, economic, and social dynamics at play. Whether you're a student, academic, or policy professional, this text delivers valuable perspectives on how regions unite and collaborate. Routledge is proud to offer this authoritative resource, known for its academic rigor and relevance. Explore topics like sovereignty, governance, and cross-border partnerships through a structured, theoretical lens. The book’s comparative approach makes it an indispensable tool for courses in international relations, political science, and global studies. Trust Routledge to provide scholarly works that stand the test of time. Visit routledge.com to add this vital reference to your library and deepen your understanding of regional integration today.

Explore the profound ethical dimensions of Jacques Derrida’s thought with "Derrida Ethics in Deconstruction," available now from Routledge. This essential volume brings together a rich collection of essays that investigate deconstruction not only as a philosophical method but as a deeply ethical practice. Engage with critical perspectives on thinkers from Sextus Empiricus and Kierkegaard to Heidegger, Arendt, Lévinas, Lyotard, and Deleuze. The book expands the very definition of ethics to encompass law, justice, politics, religion, and practical reason. Discover how deconstruction informs urgent contemporary topics like biopolitics, hospitality, democracy, sovereignty, and responsibility. Chapters delve into the complexities of speech, consciousness, animality, and alterity, challenging and renewing your understanding of moral philosophy. The editor’s insightful introduction offers a cohesive guide through the diverse themes, while a concluding afterthought pushes the conversation forward regarding the status of moral law itself. Originally published as a special issue of Angelaki, this compilation stands out for its wide-ranging scope and its exploration of deconstruction’s boundaries and dialogues with other traditions. It is indispensable for scholars, students, and anyone invested in the ethical possibilities of deconstruction across disciplines. Visit Routledge.com to add this vital resource to your library and deepen your engagement with one of the most influential movements in modern philosophy. Let "Derrida Ethics in Deconstruction" transform your perspective and inspire new lines of inquiry.

Discover the definitive guide to mastering numerical methods with "An Introduction to Numerical Methods Using MATLAB," available now from Routledge. This essential textbook is expertly crafted for introductory courses in civil and mechanical engineering, offering a comprehensive exploration of numerical techniques while showcasing MATLAB’s powerful capabilities. Ideal for students and professionals alike, this book serves as a trusted resource for solving complex engineering challenges. It covers foundational topics such as root-finding, interpolation, curve-fitting, matrix operations, derivatives, integrals, and differential equations. Each concept is paired with practical MATLAB applications, bridging theory with real-world problem-solving. At Routledge, we are committed to providing high-quality educational materials that empower learners and practitioners. With this text, you gain access to clear explanations, step-by-step examples, and hands-on exercises designed to build confidence and proficiency. MATLAB’s versatile environment enables you to implement numerical solutions efficiently, saving time and enhancing accuracy. Whether you're preparing for exams, tackling research projects, or advancing your career, this book equips you with the analytical tools needed for success. Visit Routledge.com today to explore our full collection of engineering resources and elevate your technical skills with trusted, authoritative content.

Causal Inference in Pharmaceutical Statistics introduces the basic concepts and fundamental methods of causal inference relevant to pharmaceutical statistics. This book covers causal thinking for different types of commonly used study designs in the pharmaceutical industry including but not limited to randomized controlled clinical trials longitudinal studies singlearm clinical trials with external controls and real-world evidence studies. The book starts with the central questions in drug development and licensing takes the reader through the basic concepts and methods via different study types and through different stages and concludes with a roadmap to conduct causal inference in clinical studies. The book is intended for clinical statisticians and epidemiologists working in the pharmaceutical industry. It will also be useful to graduate students in statistics biostatistics and data science looking to pursue a career in the pharmaceutical industry. Key Features: Causal inference book for clinical statisticians in the pharmaceutical industry Introductory level on the most important concepts and methods Align with FDA and ICH guidance documents Across different stages of clinical studies: plan design conduct analysis and interpretation Cover a variety of commonly used study designs|Causal Inference in Pharmaceutical Statistics | Statistics

This volume examines the ideals and experiences of work during the long nineteenth century. The meanings attached to work had resonance in multiple aspects of people’s lives and the sources consider this breadth. The primary sources examine the association of work with respectability the challenges industrialization posed to men’s traditional labour and identities and the pressures placed on working women by the increasingly normative domestic ideal. Accompanied by extensive editorial commentary this volume will be of great interest to students of British History. |Work and Unemployment 1834-1911 | History

The number of people living with dementia is expected to rise from 55 million in 2019 to 139 million in 2050 according to a report by WHO. Treatments and potential cures for Alzheimer’s have been researched for a long time now. Conventional drugs while providing symptomatic relief have often fallen short of halting the relentless progression of this neurodegenerative disorder. This new two-volume set Neuro-Nutraceuticals and Drug Discovery and Delivery in Alzheimer’s Disease 2-volume set represents a collective effort to delve into the potential of nature’s pharmacopeia in our battle against Alzheimer’s disease. The editors posit that essential insights into the intricacies of the disease are the foundation for subsequent discussions on potential therapeutic interventions. Volume 1: Targeting Key Pathological Pathways first lays the foundation by unveiling the underlying pathological biochemical molecular and genetic aspects of Alzheimer’s disease. These chapters provide essential insights into the intricacies of the disease and serve as a springboard for the subsequent discussions on potential therapeutic interventions. Chapters cover pathophysiology and diagnosis the connection of gut microbiome and Alzheimer’s disease drug-induced Alzheimer’s disease and more. The volume then goes on to shine a spotlight on the vast potential of nutraceuticals in managing Alzheimer’s disease. It explores a plethora of medicinal plants and their secondary metabolites that show promise in treating this devastating condition. From preclinical findings to clinical studies the chapters present a wealth of knowledge on memory improvement effects and the mechanisms underlying the actions of these neuro-nutraceuticals. Covered are the role of diet micronutrients and macronutrients in managing Alzheimer’s disease; Medhya Rasayana (medicinal plants described in the Indian system of medicine that are said to improve memory and intellect); nootropics (also known as drug cognitive enhancers that help to improve memory increase mental alertness and concentration as well as boost energy levels and wakefulness); and other ethnopharmacological approaches for dementia. Volume 2: Strategies to Unlock the Brain’s Fortress offers a comprehensive exploration into the cutting-edge strategies for the pursuit of effective Alzheimer’s management. The first section of this volume is dedicated to a holistic exploration of nutraceuticals and their pivotal role in managing Alzheimer’s disease serving as a guide to the diverse array of neuro-nutraceuticals and providing insights into their mechanisms efficacy and potential integration into holistic Alzheimer’s management strategies. The chapter authors look at natural antioxidant therapeutics natural steroidal phytopharmaceuticals and Terpenes (aromatic compounds found in many plants) anti-apoptotic natural products polysaccharides neuro-protective role of vitamin D non-flavonoidal agents for the effective treatment of Alzheimer’s. Recent developments and advancements in the delivery of nutraceuticals are explored as well looking at nanotechnology and advanced drug delivery systems for therapeutic interventions in Alzheimer’s disease. Together these volumes not only reflect the current state of knowledge but also pave the way for future exploration in the field. Neuro-Nutraceuticals and Drug Discovery and Delivery in Alzheimer’s Disease will enlighten readers whether seasoned researchers practitioners or advanced students with a wealth of scientific knowledge gained through the cutting-edge research and in-depth exploration of the therapeutic potential of nature’s offerings and shall contribute to the ongoing efforts in managing dementia and cognitive disorders.

AI for Arts is a book for anyone fascinated by the man–machine connection an unstoppable evolution that is intertwining us with technology in an ever-greater degree and where there is an increasing concern that it will be technology that comes out on top. Thus presented here through perhaps its most esoteric form namely art this unfolding conundrum is brought to its apex. What is left of us humans if artificial intelligence also surpasses us when it comes to art? The articulation of an artificial intelligence art manifesto is long overdue so hopefully this book can fill a gap that will have repercussions not only for aesthetic and philosophical considerations but possibly more so for the development of artificial intelligence.|AI for Arts | Computer Science

The proceedings of the International Conference on Hybrid and Advanced Technologies (ICHAT 2024) present a rich repository of cutting-edge research on the various applications of machine learning deep learning and AI in cybersecurity healthcare agriculture and communication systems. It highlights the revolutionary potential of data science in transforming traditional practices improving efficiency and accuracy across diverse domains and addressing complex real-world challenges. These proceedings contains innovative neural-network models for agriculture that can predict tractor fuel consumption and optimize smart irrigation besides suggesting greenhouse automation for enhanced agricultural productivity. It also provides a roadmap for Io T-based monitoring systems for asthma patients and machine learning approaches for early detection of diabetes cancer and aquatic plant ailments. Through an array of practical examples and comparative studies the book further highlights advancements in machine learning for enhancing palm vein authentication combating fake news keeping data safe and improving customer segmentation in e-commerce. The findings would be instrumental in combating critical global issues and foster a deeper understanding of the role of AI in image processing cybersecurity medical diagnostics and intelligent systems in the future. This will be a highly interesting guide to researchers data scientists and practicing professionals in the fields of artificial intelligence machine learning and cybersecurity. It will also be of interest to healthcare professionals agricultural scientists and technology enthusiasts in fostering global collaborations exploring future challenges and opportunities and introducing state-of-the-art technologies to streamline processes. |Hybrid and Advanced Technologies Proceedings of the International Conference on Hybrid and Advanced Technologies (ICHAT 2024) April 26-28

This volume of primary source material examines music and British national identity during the ninteenth century. Sources explore the reception of British music continental and other foreign music English Scottish Welsh and Irish music and Empire. The collection of materials are accompanied by an introduction by Rosemary Golding as well as headnotes contextualising the pieces. This collection will be of great value to students and scholars. |Music in Nineteenth-Century Britain | History

The proceedings of the First International Conference on Equipment Intelligent Operation and Maintenance (ICEIOM 2023) offer invaluable insights into the processes that ensure safe and reliable operation of equipment and guarantee the improvement of product life cycles. The book touches upon a wide array of topics including equipment condition monitoring fault diagnosis and remaining useful life prediction. With special emphasis on the integration of big data and machine learning the papers contained in this publication highlight how these technologies make the equipment operation process highly automated and ingenious. Intelligent operation and maintenance is set to act as the driving force behind a new generation of smart manufacturing and equipment upgradation and promote demand for intelligent product services and management. This is a highly beneficial guide to students researchers working professionals and enthusiasts who wish to stay updated on innovative research contributions and practical applications of state-of-the-art technologies in equipment operation and maintenance. |Equipment Intelligent Operation and Maintenance Proceedings of the International Conference on Equipment Intelligent Operation and Maintenan

This new 3-volume collection Emerging Technologies for the Food Industry is a compilation of emerging and futuristic food processing technologies presenting fundamental concepts of food technology trending applications and a range of interdisciplinary concepts that have found numerous interwoven applications in the food industry. Over the years the science of food processing has made tremendous advancements. With changing consumer preferences and the never-as-before focus on developing resilient food systems food processing is finding its place in key policies government interventions global trade and the overall food and nutritional security. Given this this multi-volume set covers a range of aspects starting from an introduction to food processing technology emerging thermal and nonthermal processing technologies ICT applications for the food industry and concluding with future technologies. Volume 1: Fundamentals of Food Processing Technology presents the basics of food preservation covering hurdle technology aspects of minimal processing ohmic heating of foods edible coatings and electromagnetics and allied applications in food processing. It also introduces various unit operations in the food industry. This volume also discusses novel methods of food quality evaluation and covers the fundamentals of and increasing applications of nanotechnology in the food sector. The second volume in the set Volume 2: Advances in Nonthermal Processing Technologies focuses on the interesting field of nonthermal processing and its applications. This includes high-pressure processing ultrasound processing high intensity pulsed light technology pulsed electric field processing cold plasma ozone processing as well as the use of sub- and supercritical processing. It also discusses emerging electrohydrodynamic technologies: electrospinning and electrospraying. This volume provides rich content on fundamental concepts applications and challenges in nonthermal processing throwing light on the scope of developing sustainable technologies for the food industry. Volume 3: ICT Applications and Future Trends in Food Processing is an exploration of the future of food processing highlighting emerging and disruptive technologies and their gaining influence in the food sector. The first five chapters focus on computer and information technology-linked applications such as CFD modeling robotics automation artificial intelligence big data the Internet of Things cloud computing and blockchain management for the food industry. The book then details selected concepts that have made phenomenal advancements in recent years: approaches for improved delivery of nutrients micro- and nanofluidics novel drying technologies smart and intelligent packaging as well as 3D food printing technology. Together or as a set this three-volume Emerging Technologies for the Food Industry provides a substantial contribution to the field of food processing. It is an excellent resource for students and young researchers in this booming field as well as for scientists researchers and faculty. |Emerging Technologies for the Food Industry 3-volume set | Science Client Lines

Contemporary events have shown that buildings designed to modern day codes need to be able to resist accidental extreme actions such as impact explosions weather chemical and seismic events. This is one of the reasons for the present reviewing of the Eurocodes used to design concrete structures. The definition of the use of concrete used in extreme environments is difficult but extreme events are usually defined as those rare events which occur at the extreme ends of the statistical distribution in a particular situation. Often the clients who order the concrete structures are unable to determine the extremes of environments the concrete will encounter and rely on the designers and construction companies to be able to predict the service conditions. |Concrete in Extreme Environments | Engineering Client Lines