Tough Luck: You Out Tonight?

The most important thing is to write equations in a beautiful form and their success in applications is ensured. Paul Dirac The uniqueness and existence theorems for the solutions of boundary and initial value problems for systems of high-order partial differential equations (PDE) are sufficiently well known. In this book, the problems considered are those whose solutions can be represented in quadratures, i.e., in an effective form. Such problems have remarkable applications in mathematical physics, the mechanics of deformable bodies, electro­ magnetism, relativistic quantum mechanics, and some of their natural generalizations. Almost all such problems can be set in the context of Clifford analysis. Moreover, they can be obtained without applying any physical laws, a circumstance that gives rise to the idea that Clifford analysis itself can suggest generalizations of classical equations or new equations altogether that may have some physical content. For that reason, Clifford analysis represents one of the most remarkable fields in modem mathematics as well as in modem physics.

Structural vibrations have become the critical factor limiting the performance of many engineering systems, typical amplitudes ranging from meters to a few nanometers. Many acoustic nuisances in transportation systems and residential and office buildings are also related to structural vibrations. The active control of such vibrations involves nine orders of magnitude of vibration amplitude, which exerts a profound influence on the technology. Active vibration control is highly multidisciplinary, involving structural vibration, acoustics, signal processing, materials science, and actuator and sensor technology. Chapters 1-3 of this book provide a state-of-the-art introduction to active vibration control, active sound control, and active vibroacoustic control, respectively. Chapter 4 discusses actuator/sensor placement, Chapter 5 deals with robust control of vibrating structures, Chapter 6 discusses finite element modelling of piezoelectric continua and Chapter 7 addresses the latest trends in piezoelectric multiple-degree-of-freedom actuators/sensors. Chapters 8-12 deal with example applications, including semi-active joints, active isolation and health monitoring. Chapter 13 addresses MEMS technology, while Chapter 14 discusses the design of power amplifiers for piezoelectric actuators.

The term "grid computing" is based on an analogy with the electrical power grid: computing capabilities should be ubiquitous and easy to use. While the development of what we now call grid computing is, in many ways, part of a natural progression of work done in the last decade, what's special about it is that all of its enabling technologies are converging at once: (1) a widely - ployed, network infrastructure will connect virtually every device in the world, (2) an interface technology is widely understood and embraced by virtually every segment of science, technology, commerce, and society, and (3) there is a wi- spread, and growing, understanding of the properties, capabilities, and services that are necessary and possible to utilize this infrastructure. Information services and resource brokers will allow the dynamic sharing of resources for applications large and small and enable virtual organizations. These properties, capabilities, and services will be used in different contexts to enable different styles of c- puting such as Internet computing and Peer-to-Peer computing. To facilitate the adoption of standard practices, the Global Grid Forum (www. gridforum. org) was formed to identify common requirements and push for eventual standardization. The phenomenal growth of grid computing and related topics has created the need for this workshop as a venue to present the latest research. This year's workshop builds on the success of last year's.

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This volume contains the ?nal version of the papers originally presented at the second SMILE workshop 3D Structure from Multiple Images of Large-scale Environments, which was held on 1-2 July 2000 in conjunction with the Sixth European Conference in Computer Vision at Trinity College Dublin. The subject of the workshop was the visual acquisition of models of the 3D world from images and their application to virtual and augmented reality. Over the last few years tremendous progress has been made in this area. On the one hand important new insightshavebeenobtainedresultinginmore exibilityandnewrepresentations.Onthe other hand a number of techniques have come to maturity, yielding robust algorithms delivering good results on real image data. Moreover supporting technologies – such as digital cameras, computers, disk storage, and visualization devices – have made things possible that were infeasible just a few years ago. Opening the workshop was Paul Debevec s invited presentation on image-based modeling,rendering,andlighting.Hepresentedanumberoftechniquesforusingdigital images of real scenes to create 3D models, virtual camera moves, and realistic computer animations.Theremainderoftheworkshopwasdividedintothreesessions:Computation and Algorithms, Visual Scene Representations, and Extended Environments. After each session there was a panel discussion that included all speakers. These panel discussions were organized by Bill Triggs, Marc Pollefeys, and Tomas Pajdla respectively, who introduced the topics and moderated the discussion. Asubstantialpartoftheseproceedingsarethetranscriptsofthediscussionsfollowing each paper and the full panel sessions. These discussions were of very high quality and were an integral part of the workshop.

CICLing 2001 is the second annual Conference on Intelligent text processing and Computational Linguistics (hence the name CICLing), see www.CICLing.org. It is intended to provide a balanced view of the cutting edge developments in both theoretical foundations of computational linguistics and practice of natural language text processing with its numerous applications. A feature of the CICLing conferences is their wide scope that covers nearly all areas of computational linguistics and all aspects of natural language processing applications. The conference is a forum for dialogue between the specialists working in these two areas. This year our invited speakers were Graeme Hirst (U. Toronto, Canada), Sylvain Kahane (U. Paris 7, France), and Ruslan Mitkov (U. Wolverhampton, UK). They delivered excellent extended lectures and organized vivid discussions. A total of 72 submissions were received, all but very few of surprisingly high quality. After careful reviewing, the Program Committee selected for presentation 53 of them, 41 as full papers and 12 as short papers, by 98 authors from 19 countries: Spain (19 authors), Japan (15), USA (12), France, Mexico (9 each), Sweden (6), Canada, China, Germany, Italy, Malaysia, Russia, United Arab Emirates (3 each), Argentina (2), Bulgaria, The Netherlands, Ukraine, UK, and Uruguay (1 each).

During the last decade enormous progress has been achieved in the field of computational fluid dynamics. This became possible by the development of robust and high-order accurate numerical algorithms as well as the construc­ tion of enhanced computer hardware, e. g. , parallel and vector architectures, workstation clusters. All these improvements allow the numerical simulation of real world problems arising for instance in automotive and aviation indus­ try. Nowadays numerical simulations may be considered as an indispensable tool in the design of engineering devices complementing or avoiding expen­ sive experiments. In order to obtain qualitatively as well as quantitatively reliable results the complexity of the applications continuously increases due to the demand of resolving more details of the real world configuration as well as taking better physical models into account, e. g. , turbulence, real gas or aeroelasticity. Although the speed and memory of computer hardware are currently doubled approximately every 18 months according to Moore's law, this will not be sufficient to cope with the increasing complexity required by uniform discretizations. The future task will be to optimize the utilization of the available re­ sources. Therefore new numerical algorithms have to be developed with a computational complexity that can be termed nearly optimal in the sense that storage and computational expense remain proportional to the "inher­ ent complexity" (a term that will be made clearer later) problem. This leads to adaptive concepts which correspond in a natural way to unstructured grids.

In summary, Bayesian methods are already seen by many as an essential tool to aid in formal chronology building in archaeology. At present, most researchers use packages like OxGal and BGal to make use of such tools and typically see them as radiocarbon calibration tools (indeed both are described as such on their own WWW welcome pages). On reflection, however, I think that it is clear that these packages offer more than just calibration, they are modest Bayesian chronological data interpretation environments. Given this observation, and the fact that the current tools are built on a sound foundation offlexible and scalable theory,I think that we are in a good position to move towards fully integrated tools for Bayesian chronology building. All of the current and planned research projects outlined above will contribute to the extension of the framework in one way or another. Since such work is motivated by a desire to provide practical solutions to real, current and pressing issues associated with chronology building, I feel sure that we can look forward to many more years of fast moving, productive and practical research in Bayesian chronology building. References Ammerman, A. J. and Cavalli-Sforza, 1. L. (1971). Measurement of the rate of spread of early farming in Europe. Man , 6, 674-688. Ammerman, A. J. and Cavalli-Sforza, 1. L. (1984). The Neolithic transition and the genetics of populations in Europe. Princeton University Press, Princeton. Anderson, A. , Allingham, B. and Smith, I. (1996a).

Intrusion Detection In Distributed Systems: An Abstraction-Based Approach presents research contributions in three areas with respect to intrusion detection in distributed systems. The first contribution is an abstraction-based approach to addressing heterogeneity and autonomy of distributed environments. The second contribution is a formal framework for modeling requests among cooperative IDSs and its application to Common Intrusion Detection Framework (CIDF). The third contribution is a novel approach to coordinating different IDSs for distributed event correlation.

The Curves The Point of View of Max Noether Probably the oldest references to the problem of resolution of singularities are found in Max Noether's works on plane curves [cf. [148], [149]]. And probably the origin of the problem was to have a formula to compute the genus of a plane curve. The genus is the most useful birational invariant of a curve in classical projective geometry. It was long known that, for a plane curve of degree n having l m ordinary singular points with respective multiplicities ri, i E {1, . . . , m}, the genus p of the curve is given by the formula = (n - l)(n - 2) _ ~ "r. (r. _ 1) P 2 2 L. . ,. •• . Of course, the problem now arises: how to compute the genus of a plane curve having some non-ordinary singularities. This leads to the natural question: can we birationally transform any (singular) plane curve into another one having only ordinary singularities? The answer is positive. Let us give a flavor (without proofs) 2 on how Noether did it • To solve the problem, it is enough to consider a special kind of Cremona trans­ formations, namely quadratic transformations of the projective plane. Let ~ be a linear system of conics with three non-collinear base points r = {Ao, AI, A }, 2 and take a projective frame of the type {Ao, AI, A ; U}.

An outgrowth of an ongoing workshop on stochastic analysis held in Lisbon. The nine survey articles in the volume extend concepts from classical probability and stochastic processes to a number of areas of mathematical physics. Will serve as a good reference text for researchers and advanced students in the fields of probability, stochastic processes, analysis, geometry, mathematical physics, and physics.

Water scarcity is not exclusively a concern of the poor. Developed countries are increasingly facing problems related to higher per capita consumption and pollution so that enhancing the efficiency of the water supply ranks among the main global challenges of the future. The necessary improvements are not only a matter of technical progress but also of institutional design. Using tools of modern industrial economics, Urs Meister examines the effects of privatisation and competition in the piped water industry. Considering the two main approaches for competition in an industry with natural monopoly character, common carriage (interconnection) and franchise bidding (auctions), he analyses costs, retail prices and investment. Such analysis shows that competition may be a valuable opportunity to improve the efficiency of water supply.

For fifty years as DJ, producer and remixer, Arthur Baker has been at the pioneering forefront of hip-hop, rock, and electronic music. His unique and genre-defying sound can be heard on tracks by legendary artists like New Order, Bruce Springsteen, Diana Ross, the Rolling Stones, Al Green, Pet Shop Boys, Quincy Jones, New Edition, Hall & Oates, Neneh Cherry, Mogwai and Fleetwood Mac.Starting as a club DJ and disco producer at the start of the seventies in his native Boston, Baker moved to New York City in 1981. Through his early disco and hip-hop productions, he came to the attention of the most influential names in a music industry at the height of its powers. This would begin a career that would take him from the sweaty dancefloors of NYC to late-night studio sessions with Bob Dylan and to his celebrated anti-apartheid album Sun City, created with Little Steven Van Zandt.From the underground to the mainstream, Looking for the Perfect Beat is the unique story of an artist with a need to discover new sounds and new ways to move an audience -- and who has influenced the sound of popular music for half a century.

Recently, temporal and modal logic, process calculus, and model checking have become essential software techniques for the formal verification of systems. With a clarity of presentation and its many illuminating examples, this book makes this technical material easy to grasp. It is perfectly suited for an advanced undergraduate or graduate class in formal verification and will serve as a valuable resource to practitioners of formal methods in all areas of computer science and software programming.

Foresight has experienced a great upswing in the last few years, partly in view of the Millenium. Innovations for our Future describes not only the big development trends of the future in research and technology, but also the re-discovery of the Delphi method. The Delphi method is not new, but with further developed methodology it is being used increasingly to take stock of innovative future developments. The book describes results of the widespread national survey of 1998, a German-Japanese comparison, another comparison with the preceding Delphi study as well as its utilization and implementation.

The aim of this book is twofold: (i) to give an exposition of the basic theory of finite-dimensional algebras at a levelthat isappropriate for senior undergraduate and first-year graduate students, and (ii) to provide the mathematical foundation needed to prepare the reader for the advanced study of anyone of several fields of mathematics. The subject under study is by no means new-indeed it is classical­ yet a book that offers a straightforward and concrete treatment of this theory seems justified for several reasons. First, algebras and linear trans­ formations in one guise or another are standard features of various parts of modern mathematics. These include well-entrenched fields such as repre­ sentation theory, as well as newer ones such as quantum groups. Second, a study ofthe elementary theory offinite-dimensional algebras is particularly useful in motivating and casting light upon more sophisticated topics such as module theory and operator algebras. Indeed, the reader who acquires a good understanding of the basic theory of algebras is wellpositioned to ap­ preciate results in operator algebras, representation theory, and ring theory. In return for their efforts, readers are rewarded by the results themselves, several of which are fundamental theorems of striking elegance.

Financial Cryptography 2000 marked the fourth time the technical, business, legal, and political communities from around the world joined together on the smallislandofAnguilla,BritishWestIndiestodiscussanddiscovernewadvances in securing electronic ?nancial transactions. The conference, sponsored by the International Financial Cryptography Association, was held on February 20– 24, 2000. The General Chair, Don Beaver, oversaw the local organization and registration. The program committee considered 68 submissions of which 21 papers were accepted. Each submitted paper was reviewed by a minimum of three referees. These proceedings contain revised versions of the 21 accepted papers. Revisions were not checked and the authors bear full responsibility for the content of their papers. This year’s program also included two invited lectures, two panel sessions, and a rump session. The invited talks were given by Kevin McCurley prese- ing “In the Search of the Killer App” and Pam Samuelson presenting “Towards a More Sensible Way of Regulating the Circumvention of Technical Protection Systems”. For the panel sessions, Barbara Fox and Brian LaMacchia mod- ated “Public-Key Infrastructure: PKIX, Signed XML, or Something Else” and Moti Yung moderated “Payment Systems: The Next Generation”. Stuart Haber organized the informal rump session of short presentations. This was the ?rst year that the conference accepted submissions electro- cally as well as by postal mail. Many thanks to George Davida, the electronic submissions chair, for maintaining the electronic submissions server. A majority of the authors preferred electronic submissions with 65 of the 68 submissions provided electronically.

The 2001 International Workshop on Quality of future Internet Services (QofIS 2001) held in Coimbra, Portugal, organized by COST Action 263, is the second of what we expect will become a series of successful QofIS workshops. The previous workshop was held in Berlin in the year 2000. The areas of interest of QofIS cover the design, implementation and provision of Quality of Service, spanning key issues of current and emerging communication systems such as packet-level issues, flow-level issues, network-level issues, architectural issues, and applications. The emphasis of the QofIS2001 w orkshop is on horizontal (end-to-end) as well as vertical (top-down) provision of quality of services, covering all components of end systems and networks, with the aim of identifying solutions enabling feasible and coherent QoS provision. The QofIS2001 cal l for papers attracted 87 submissions from 23 Asian, Australian, European, North American, and South American countries. These were subject to thorough review work by the Programme Committee members and additional reviewers who carried out their work using a specially built conference system, WebChairing, developed in Coimbra by Flor de Utopia, that allowed full control of the submission and reviewing processes. Based on the comments and recommendations of the reviews, the final programme was defined in a Programme th Committee meeting held at the University of Karlsruhe on June 5 , 2001.

Fuzzy Logic in Management demonstrates that difficult problems and changes in the management environment can be more easily handled by bringing fuzzy logic into the practice of management. This explicit theme is developed through the book as follows: Chapter 1, "Management and Intelligent Support Technologies", is a short survey of management leadership and what can be gained from support technologies. Chapter 2, "Fuzzy Sets and Fuzzy Logic", provides a short introduction to fuzzy sets, fuzzy relations, the extension principle, fuzzy implications and linguistic variables. Chapter 3, "Group Decision Support Systems", deals with group decision making, and discusses methods for supporting the consensus reaching processes. Chapter 4, "Fuzzy Real Options for Strategic Planning", summarizes research where the fuzzy real options theory was implemented as a series of models. These models were thoroughly tested on a number of real life investments, and validated in 2001. Chapter 5, "Soft Computing Methods for Reducing the Bullwhip Effect", summarizes research work focused on the demand fluctuations in supply chains. The program enhanced existing theoretical frameworks with fuzzy logic modeling. Chapter 6, "Knowledge Management", outlines the collection, storing, transfer and management of knowledge using fuzzy logic. The principles are worked out in detail with software agents. Chapter 7, "Mobile Technology Application", introduces various applications including empirical facts and how mobile technology can be supported with software agents. Implicitly the book develops themes that successful companies should use to (1) master effectiveness and quality in both the details and the whole, (2) build on and work with flexibility, and (3) support continuous learning in both the organizational and the individual level.

The ?rst international conference on Functional Imaging and Modeling of the 1 Heart (FIMH) was held in Helsinki, Finland, in November 2001, thanks to the strongscienti?ccollaborationbetweenFranceandFinland. Thiseventwasa?rst attempt to federate the heart imaging community and to encourage collabo- tion between scientists in signal and image processing, applied mathematics and physics, biomedical engineering and computer science, and experts in card- logy, radiology, biology, and physiology, in Europe and beyond. The conference has encountered considerable success. The outstanding research works pres- ted have demonstrated a very active research ?eld with complex modeling and image analysis problems to be solved. One of the outcomes was the special issue of the Medical Image Analysis journal based on a selection of the conference’s best papers, to appear in the second half of 2003. The FIMH 2001 meeting was the starting point of a discussion for federating the European research e?ort in cardiac imaging, heart modeling, and cardiac image analysis. It was very successful, and a large coalition was created around 2 the e-Heart proposal for a Network of Excellence in the European Sixth Fra- work Program. The e-Heart network has already gathered about 200 researchers from 100 institutes. A project proposal has been submitted to the European Union. It was decided in the ?rst meeting to organize a regular biennial conference.

Interpretations of the past are under constant critical scrutiny in archaeology. In recent decades, theoretical views have profoundly changed the conceptions of both "the past" and archaeologists' relationship to this object of study. However, our basic excavation and analytical methods have undergone little critical re-evaluation. Often archaeological discussions begin as if "data" were already established, independent of the research designs and analytical choices that produce them. Interpretation often ends at the lectern, but it has many beginnings within the traditional archaeological process. Exploring how data is generated and interpreted by historical archaeologists, it is at the intersection of "dirt and discussion". The cases presented in this volume revisit old methods and previous scholarly approaches with new perspectives, along with incorporating the newest technologies available to understanding the past. Rethinking the classics and engaging with new modes of data creation also generate fresh theoretical approaches. Using their own work as examples, the contributors explore the connections between methodology and interpretation. Between Dirt and Discussion advocates recentering the materials that make archaeology archaeology, in the hopes of reinvigorating dialogues about the historic past, and archaeological contributions to its understanding.